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Comisión Nacional del Agua MANUAL DE AGUA POTABLE, ALCANTARILLADO Y SANEAMIENTO DISEÑO DE LAGUNAS DE ESTABILIZACIÓN
vi
PRESENTACIÓN
Uno de los factores indispensables para tener una adecuada protección de las fuentes de abastecimiento es contar con tecnologías que provean un tratamiento efectivo y adecuado del agua residual. Para generalizar esta práctica es necesario contar con los recursos económicos y humanos necesarios lo que, para la realidad de nuestro pais, se traduce en implantar sistemas baratos y poco mecanizados. En este contexto, las lagunas de estabilización, por su bajo costo y escasa necesidad de mantenimiento, son una opción muy popular de tratamiento. Debido a ello gran número de investigadores e ingenieros se han abocado a su estudio con diversas finalidades
Comision_Nacional_del_Agua.pdf
PDF-Dokument [4.6 MB]
vi
PRESENTACIÓN
Uno de los factores indispensables para tener una adecuada protección de las fuentes de abastecimiento es contar con tecnologías que provean un tratamiento efectivo y adecuado del agua residual. Para generalizar esta práctica es necesario contar con los recursos económicos y humanos necesarios lo que, para la realidad de nuestro pais, se traduce en implantar sistemas baratos y poco mecanizados. En este contexto, las lagunas de estabilización, por su bajo costo y escasa necesidad de mantenimiento, son una opción muy popular de tratamiento. Debido a ello gran número de investigadores e ingenieros se han abocado a su estudio con diversas finalidades
Comision_Nacional_del_Agua.pdf
PDF-Dokument [4.6 MB]
Neuer Datei-Download
Demand satisfaction as a framework for understanding intermittent water supply systems
Nearly one billion people worldwide receive water through piped networks that are not continually pressurized and operate intermittently. The prevalence and persistence of these Intermittent Water Supplies (IWS) is surprising as this mode of operation induces water contamination and customer equity issues. Shortages of source water, customers' water demand, and leaking pipes are frequently cited as necessitating IWS. We propose a framework for understanding the persistence and operation of IWS. The supply system is represented by an average customer and a spatially averaged leakage rate. With this macroscopic hydraulic model, we relate customer demand satisfaction, source water availability, customer demand, and leakage. While this approach ignores the complexities of network topology, we
Taylor_et_al-2019-Water_Resources_Resear[...]
PDF-Dokument [1.9 MB]
Nearly one billion people worldwide receive water through piped networks that are not continually pressurized and operate intermittently. The prevalence and persistence of these Intermittent Water Supplies (IWS) is surprising as this mode of operation induces water contamination and customer equity issues. Shortages of source water, customers' water demand, and leaking pipes are frequently cited as necessitating IWS. We propose a framework for understanding the persistence and operation of IWS. The supply system is represented by an average customer and a spatially averaged leakage rate. With this macroscopic hydraulic model, we relate customer demand satisfaction, source water availability, customer demand, and leakage. While this approach ignores the complexities of network topology, we
Taylor_et_al-2019-Water_Resources_Resear[...]
PDF-Dokument [1.9 MB]
Integrated Water Resources Management and Policy Integration: Lessons from 169 Years of Flood Policies in Switzerland
Abstract: In times of increasing pressures on water resources, the integrated management of the resource is a central policy objective. While there exists encompassing research about the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM), much remains to be studied regarding the integration of water-related policies. Water resources management profits when policy actors coordinate their demands and actions across policy sectors, territorial entities, and decision-making levels within a water basin. However, actors are bound by the policy framework, which organizes water resources management in defined sectors and, over time, develop into independent and specialized policy pillars. A growing number of policies increases the need to integrate those policies over time following the insti
water-11-01173(1).pdf
PDF-Dokument [1.3 MB]
Abstract: In times of increasing pressures on water resources, the integrated management of the resource is a central policy objective. While there exists encompassing research about the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM), much remains to be studied regarding the integration of water-related policies. Water resources management profits when policy actors coordinate their demands and actions across policy sectors, territorial entities, and decision-making levels within a water basin. However, actors are bound by the policy framework, which organizes water resources management in defined sectors and, over time, develop into independent and specialized policy pillars. A growing number of policies increases the need to integrate those policies over time following the insti
water-11-01173(1).pdf
PDF-Dokument [1.3 MB]
10 Steps Cities Can Take for More and Better Infrastructure (NRDC Research)
In his article for Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Douglass Sims presents a cross-disciplinary study designed with an aim to explore opportunities which could generate better infrastructure investments to secure resilient communities in the 21st century.
high-road-infrastructure-handbook.pdf
PDF-Dokument [429.8 KB]
In his article for Natural Resources Defense Council (NRDC), Douglass Sims presents a cross-disciplinary study designed with an aim to explore opportunities which could generate better infrastructure investments to secure resilient communities in the 21st century.
high-road-infrastructure-handbook.pdf
PDF-Dokument [429.8 KB]
Lithium Brine Extraction Technologies & Approaches
Takeaways:
Brines from salars and salt lakes, as well as spodumene ores, are the primary source of lithium, while geothermal brines represent secondary sources.
Produced water from oil & gas operations is an untapped source of lithium that may be more important in the future.
Chemical precipitation, adsorption with inorganic ion exchange sorbents, solvent extraction and concentration with membrane technologies are the primary means of lithium recovery from brines.
Each lithium extraction and recovery process has unique advantages and challenges that need to be considered when determining the best fit for any project.
New advances in water treatment offer exciting improvements on the economics of using membrane technologies for lithium recovery.
Lithium-Brine-Extraction-Technologies-an[...]
PDF-Dokument [317.6 KB]
Takeaways:
Brines from salars and salt lakes, as well as spodumene ores, are the primary source of lithium, while geothermal brines represent secondary sources.
Produced water from oil & gas operations is an untapped source of lithium that may be more important in the future.
Chemical precipitation, adsorption with inorganic ion exchange sorbents, solvent extraction and concentration with membrane technologies are the primary means of lithium recovery from brines.
Each lithium extraction and recovery process has unique advantages and challenges that need to be considered when determining the best fit for any project.
New advances in water treatment offer exciting improvements on the economics of using membrane technologies for lithium recovery.
Lithium-Brine-Extraction-Technologies-an[...]
PDF-Dokument [317.6 KB]
Politicisation of Water Management
Ghana is currently under unimaginable political quagmire. The government seems not to know its direction to the extent that members of the ruling party can do anything under the guise that they are helping the government.
V2-Paper on Ghana's Rural Water Reforms[...]
Microsoft Word-Dokument [206.9 KB]
Ghana is currently under unimaginable political quagmire. The government seems not to know its direction to the extent that members of the ruling party can do anything under the guise that they are helping the government.
V2-Paper on Ghana's Rural Water Reforms[...]
Microsoft Word-Dokument [206.9 KB]
Congressional Hearing on Water Infrastructure Investment: NACWAProposes Solutions that Would Protect Public Health and Create Jobs
Success Stories of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund Highlighted
nacwa_cwsrf-hearing_pr_fin_030719.pdf
PDF-Dokument [58.8 KB]
Success Stories of the Clean Water State Revolving Fund Highlighted
nacwa_cwsrf-hearing_pr_fin_030719.pdf
PDF-Dokument [58.8 KB]
Aquatic Risks from Human Pharmaceuticals at the Global Scale (Research)
Recent research showed that over the past 20 years, concentrations of pharmaceuticals have increased in the world's freshwater sources which can potentially cause damaging ecological effects.
Aquatic risks from human pharmaceuticals[...]
PDF-Dokument [2.5 MB]
Recent research showed that over the past 20 years, concentrations of pharmaceuticals have increased in the world's freshwater sources which can potentially cause damaging ecological effects.
Aquatic risks from human pharmaceuticals[...]
PDF-Dokument [2.5 MB]
Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Environment for Microalgal Source for Production of Nutraceuticals
With the growing implementation with the AI and virtual environment there is a better scope for the production of highest quality of nutraceuticals. Microalgae, capable of performing photosynthesis, are important for life on earth which provides a well-balanced mixture of nutrients to the organisms higher in the food web. Microalgae are considered as a potential source of protein, carbohydrate, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, carotenoids, phycobilliproteins, astaxanthin, lutein and antioxidants which provide health benefits such as controlling blood pressure, strengthening immune system, reduction of coronary heart diseases, serves as anticancer agent, and antioxidant etc. Nutritional value of microalgae varies from species to species depending u
BJSTR.MS.ID.002459.pdf
PDF-Dokument [480.8 KB]
With the growing implementation with the AI and virtual environment there is a better scope for the production of highest quality of nutraceuticals. Microalgae, capable of performing photosynthesis, are important for life on earth which provides a well-balanced mixture of nutrients to the organisms higher in the food web. Microalgae are considered as a potential source of protein, carbohydrate, fatty acids, vitamins, amino acids, carotenoids, phycobilliproteins, astaxanthin, lutein and antioxidants which provide health benefits such as controlling blood pressure, strengthening immune system, reduction of coronary heart diseases, serves as anticancer agent, and antioxidant etc. Nutritional value of microalgae varies from species to species depending u
BJSTR.MS.ID.002459.pdf
PDF-Dokument [480.8 KB]
1 SCIENTIFIC RepoRtS | (2019) 9:393 | DOI:10.1038/s41598-018-36749-7 www.nature.com/scientificreports Detection of a microbial source tracking marker by isothermal helicase-dependent a
Over the last decades, various PCR-based methods have been proposed that can identify sources of
faecal pollution in environmental waters. These microbial source tracking (MST) methods are powerful
tools to manage water quality and support public health risk assessment. However, their application
is limited by the lack of specialized equipment and trained personnel in laboratories performing
microbiological water quality assessment. Here, we describe a novel molecular method that combines
helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) with a strip test for detecting ruminant faecal pollution
sources. Unlike quantitative PCR (qPCR), the developed HDA-strip assay only requires a heating
block to amplify the ruminant-associated
Bacteroidetes
16S rRNA marker (BacR). Following HDA, the
reacti
s41598-018-36749-7.pdf
PDF-Dokument [1.4 MB]
Over the last decades, various PCR-based methods have been proposed that can identify sources of
faecal pollution in environmental waters. These microbial source tracking (MST) methods are powerful
tools to manage water quality and support public health risk assessment. However, their application
is limited by the lack of specialized equipment and trained personnel in laboratories performing
microbiological water quality assessment. Here, we describe a novel molecular method that combines
helicase-dependent amplification (HDA) with a strip test for detecting ruminant faecal pollution
sources. Unlike quantitative PCR (qPCR), the developed HDA-strip assay only requires a heating
block to amplify the ruminant-associated
Bacteroidetes
16S rRNA marker (BacR). Following HDA, the
reacti
s41598-018-36749-7.pdf
PDF-Dokument [1.4 MB]
Water Demand Framework and Water Development: The Case of China
Water resources management is increasingly important for sustainable economic and social development. A coherent division of the development stages is of primary importance for selecting and implementing related water resource management strategies. Using evolving supply–demand relationships, this paper proposes a framework that considers water development stages to present a series of dynamic relationships between water demand changes and overall economic development. The framework is applied to China to advance the understanding of how demand evolves at different stages of water resources development under specific socioeconomic circumstances, and of strategic choices in general. The case of China explains how water resources management has gradually improved during distinct socioecono
water-10-01860(1).pdf
PDF-Dokument [2.2 MB]
Water resources management is increasingly important for sustainable economic and social development. A coherent division of the development stages is of primary importance for selecting and implementing related water resource management strategies. Using evolving supply–demand relationships, this paper proposes a framework that considers water development stages to present a series of dynamic relationships between water demand changes and overall economic development. The framework is applied to China to advance the understanding of how demand evolves at different stages of water resources development under specific socioeconomic circumstances, and of strategic choices in general. The case of China explains how water resources management has gradually improved during distinct socioecono
water-10-01860(1).pdf
PDF-Dokument [2.2 MB]
Briefing Paper on managing water supplies during summer 2018 and preparing for 2019
A record of the water industry’s actions successfully managing water resources in the long, hot summer of 2018 has been published.
Summer 2018 was the hottest summer in England since records began back in 1910. Rainfall across the whole of the country over the 3 months of May to July was only 54% of the long-term average, with even less falling in August – only 43% of the normal amount of rain for the month.
The dry summer had several impacts, not least the substantial pressures put on water supplies.
Briefing Paper on managing water supplie[...]
PDF-Dokument [2.4 MB]
A record of the water industry’s actions successfully managing water resources in the long, hot summer of 2018 has been published.
Summer 2018 was the hottest summer in England since records began back in 1910. Rainfall across the whole of the country over the 3 months of May to July was only 54% of the long-term average, with even less falling in August – only 43% of the normal amount of rain for the month.
The dry summer had several impacts, not least the substantial pressures put on water supplies.
Briefing Paper on managing water supplie[...]
PDF-Dokument [2.4 MB]
International Comparisons of Water Sector Performance
The purpose of this report is to compare the performance of the water sector in England and Wales since 1990 with that of key comparator countries, specifically France, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Germany.
GWI International water sector performan[...]
PDF-Dokument [1.2 MB]
The purpose of this report is to compare the performance of the water sector in England and Wales since 1990 with that of key comparator countries, specifically France, Ireland, Italy, Spain and Germany.
GWI International water sector performan[...]
PDF-Dokument [1.2 MB]
Automated Residual Control Maintains Tank Chloramine Residual Levels and Eliminates Nitrite Issues in 3 Million Gallon Tank
PSI RCS PP 010 Loudoun Water 10-30-2018.[...]
PDF-Dokument [541.5 KB]
PSI RCS PP 010 Loudoun Water 10-30-2018.[...]
PDF-Dokument [541.5 KB]
Global Waters Radio - Rolf Luyendijk and Portia Persley Transcript.pdf
Global Waters Radio - Rolf Luyendijk and[...]
PDF-Dokument [60.0 KB]
Global Waters Radio - Rolf Luyendijk and[...]
PDF-Dokument [60.0 KB]
Cleaner Production Guide for the Textile Sector: WWF 2018
The Apparel & Textiles sector poses and faces significant water risks. WWF, together with its partner H&M, have been helping to pioneer new approaches to cleaner production and water stewardship, highlighted in this publication.
wwf_guideline_cleaner_production_textile[...]
PDF-Dokument [3.6 MB]
wwf_guideline_cleaner_production_textile[...]
PDF-Dokument [3.6 MB]
The Apparel & Textiles sector poses and faces significant water risks. WWF, together with its partner H&M, have been helping to pioneer new approaches to cleaner production and water stewardship, highlighted in this publication.
wwf_guideline_cleaner_production_textile[...]
PDF-Dokument [3.6 MB]
wwf_guideline_cleaner_production_textile[...]
PDF-Dokument [3.6 MB]
HOW AMERICANS RELATE TO WATER A QUALITATIVE STUDY FOR THE WATER MAIN November 2018
Wilder Research
Wilder Research, a division of Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, is a nationally respected nonprofit research and evaluation group. For more than 100 years, Wilder Research has gathered and interpreted facts and trends to help families and communities thrive, get at the core of community concerns, and uncover issues that are overlooked or poorly understood.
APM_WaterMainReport_PUBLISH(1).pdf
PDF-Dokument [1.1 MB]
Wilder Research
Wilder Research, a division of Amherst H. Wilder Foundation, is a nationally respected nonprofit research and evaluation group. For more than 100 years, Wilder Research has gathered and interpreted facts and trends to help families and communities thrive, get at the core of community concerns, and uncover issues that are overlooked or poorly understood.
APM_WaterMainReport_PUBLISH(1).pdf
PDF-Dokument [1.1 MB]
The demise of Angkor: Systemic vulnerability of urban infrastructure to climatic variations
Complex infrastructural networks provide critical services to cities but can be vulnerable to external stresses,
including climatic variability. This vulnerability has also challenged past urban settlements, but its role in cases
of historic urban demise has not been precisely document
ed. We transform archeological data from the medieval
Cambodian city of Angkor into a numerical model that allows us to quantify topological damage to critical urban
infrastructure resulting from climatic variability. Our model reveals unstable behavior in which extensive and cas-
cading damage to infrastructure occurs in response to flooding within Angkor
’
s urban water management system.
The likelihood and extent of the cascading failure abrupt
ly grow with the magnitude of flooding relative to normal
f
eaau4029.full.pdf
PDF-Dokument [2.1 MB]
Complex infrastructural networks provide critical services to cities but can be vulnerable to external stresses,
including climatic variability. This vulnerability has also challenged past urban settlements, but its role in cases
of historic urban demise has not been precisely document
ed. We transform archeological data from the medieval
Cambodian city of Angkor into a numerical model that allows us to quantify topological damage to critical urban
infrastructure resulting from climatic variability. Our model reveals unstable behavior in which extensive and cas-
cading damage to infrastructure occurs in response to flooding within Angkor
’
s urban water management system.
The likelihood and extent of the cascading failure abrupt
ly grow with the magnitude of flooding relative to normal
f
eaau4029.full.pdf
PDF-Dokument [2.1 MB]
Sustainable Development Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all Too many people still lack access to safely managed water supplies and sanitation faciliti
In 2015, 29 per cent of the global population lacked safely managed drinking water supplies, and 61 per cent were without safely managed sanitation services. In 2015, 892 million people continued to practise open defecation.
In 2015, only 27 per cent of the population in LDCs had basic handwashing facilities.
Preliminary estimates from household data of 79 mostly high- and high-middle-income countries (excluding much of A
thesustainabledevelopmentgoalsreport2018[...]
PDF-Dokument [11.4 MB]
thesustainabledevelopmentgoalsreport2018[...]
PDF-Dokument [11.4 MB]
In 2015, 29 per cent of the global population lacked safely managed drinking water supplies, and 61 per cent were without safely managed sanitation services. In 2015, 892 million people continued to practise open defecation.
In 2015, only 27 per cent of the population in LDCs had basic handwashing facilities.
Preliminary estimates from household data of 79 mostly high- and high-middle-income countries (excluding much of A
thesustainabledevelopmentgoalsreport2018[...]
PDF-Dokument [11.4 MB]
thesustainabledevelopmentgoalsreport2018[...]
PDF-Dokument [11.4 MB]
Shared Water, Shared Responsibility, Shared Approach - Water in the Mining Sector
This paper uses company experiences from Mongolia, Peru, South Africa, Canada, and the Upper Hunter Valley and Fitzroy regions of Australia to identify key lessons learned.
Access to clean water is at the very core of sustainable development. As a water-dependent sector, mining and metals companies are well placed to support collective solutions to shared water challenges; contributing to improved water security and sanitation for all.
Shared Water, Shared Responsibility, Sha[...]
PDF-Dokument [6.7 MB]
This paper uses company experiences from Mongolia, Peru, South Africa, Canada, and the Upper Hunter Valley and Fitzroy regions of Australia to identify key lessons learned.
Access to clean water is at the very core of sustainable development. As a water-dependent sector, mining and metals companies are well placed to support collective solutions to shared water challenges; contributing to improved water security and sanitation for all.
Shared Water, Shared Responsibility, Sha[...]
PDF-Dokument [6.7 MB]
Measuring Knowledge Diffusion in Water Resources Research and Development - The Case of Korea
Technological knowledge created through government R&D investment not only contributes to technology and market expansion, but is also a major factor in evaluating a nation’s innovation capacity. As government budgets are limited, establishing an effective investment strategy is important. The purpose of this paper is to suggest R&D investment priorities in terms of the centrality of knowledge diffusion—which technology field is targeted in knowledge diffusion—and rapidity of knowledge diffusion—how quickly technological knowledge diffuses.
The analysis focused on a water resources R&D program led by the Korean government. The ce
Measuring Knowledge Diffusion in Water R[...]
PDF-Dokument [942.8 KB]
Technological knowledge created through government R&D investment not only contributes to technology and market expansion, but is also a major factor in evaluating a nation’s innovation capacity. As government budgets are limited, establishing an effective investment strategy is important. The purpose of this paper is to suggest R&D investment priorities in terms of the centrality of knowledge diffusion—which technology field is targeted in knowledge diffusion—and rapidity of knowledge diffusion—how quickly technological knowledge diffuses.
The analysis focused on a water resources R&D program led by the Korean government. The ce
Measuring Knowledge Diffusion in Water R[...]
PDF-Dokument [942.8 KB]
What is Electrodialysis Reversal and its New Innovations?
What-is-Electrodialysis-Reversal-and-its[...]
PDF-Dokument [418.7 KB]
What-is-Electrodialysis-Reversal-and-its[...]
PDF-Dokument [418.7 KB]
Urban water security: A review
We review the increasing body of research on urban water security. First, we reflect on the four different focusses in water security literature: welfare, equity, sustainability
and water-related risks.Second,wemake aninventory of the multiple perspectives on urban water security: disciplinary perspectives (e.g. engineering, environmental, public policy, public health), problem-oriented perspectives (e.g. water shortage, flooding, water pollution), goal-oriented perspectives (e.g. better water supply and sanitation, better sewerage and wastewater treatment, safety from flooding, proper
urban drainage), integrated-water versus water-integrated perspectives, and policy analytical versus governance perspectives. Third, we take a systems perspective on urban water security, taking the pressure
Hoekstra_2018_Environ._Res._Lett._13_053[...]
PDF-Dokument [1.3 MB]
We review the increasing body of research on urban water security. First, we reflect on the four different focusses in water security literature: welfare, equity, sustainability
and water-related risks.Second,wemake aninventory of the multiple perspectives on urban water security: disciplinary perspectives (e.g. engineering, environmental, public policy, public health), problem-oriented perspectives (e.g. water shortage, flooding, water pollution), goal-oriented perspectives (e.g. better water supply and sanitation, better sewerage and wastewater treatment, safety from flooding, proper
urban drainage), integrated-water versus water-integrated perspectives, and policy analytical versus governance perspectives. Third, we take a systems perspective on urban water security, taking the pressure
Hoekstra_2018_Environ._Res._Lett._13_053[...]
PDF-Dokument [1.3 MB]
Acqua di mare
L'acqua di mare è l'acqua che costituisce i mari e gli oceani, in cui la concentrazione media dei sali disciolti è di 35 g/L. Negli oceani e nei mari si possono trovare molte forme di vita, tra cui vegetazione e animali (pesci).
Cosa contiene
La concentrazione di sale varia a seconda dell'apporto dei fiumi e dell'intensità di evaporazione, siccome solo l'acqua pura evapora i sali rimangono sul fondo. Dunque più fiumi affluiscono nel mare, minore sarà la concentrazione di sali, perché le acque vengono rimescolate disperdendo i sali. La proporzione dei sali, invece, rimane sempre uguale: in tutte le distese di acqua salata il più presente è il cloruro di sodio (NaCl), più comunemente detto "sale da cucina".
Nelle acque marine si trovano anche nitrati e fosfati, che risalgono in superficie grazie alle correnti e favoriscono lo sviluppo degli organismi autotrofi (alghe).
Oltre al sale, ai nitrati e ai fosfati, nell'acqua marina ci sono due gas disciolti, l'ossigeno e l'anidride carbonica. Questi gas disciolti servono per effettuare i due processi che garantiscono la vita agli esseri viventi che popolano il mare: la respirazione e la fotosintesi clorofilliana. Infatti i pesci non respirano gli atomi di ossigeno contenuti nelle molecole d'acqua, ma le molecole di ossigeno disciolte. Senza le correnti, l'ossigeno rimarrebbe solo nei venti metri più superficiali, ma grazie a questi movimenti marini, arriva anche nella zona più profonda, la zona afotica.
Proprietà
Oltre alle proprietà dell'acqua (capacità termica, tensione superficiale, capacità solvente, ecc.), l'acqua salata ha un'ulteriore caratteristica: il sale disciolto causa l'abbassamento del punto di fusione (abbassamento crioscopico) dell'acqua di circa 2 °C, permettendo ad alcune specie di pesci di vivere a temperature prossime agli 0 °C.
A causa dei sali disciolti ha una densità maggiore (circa 1,03 kg/dm3) rispetto all'acqua dolce e per questo gli oggetti immersi in essa, ricevendo una spinta idrostatica maggiore, galleggiano meglio.
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